Bharat Ratna

 Bharat Ratna 

The Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award of the Republic of India. Founded on January 2, 1954, the award is given for recognition of exceptional service / performance of the highest order, without distinction of race, occupation, rank or gender. Expanded the criteria to include "any area of ​​human endeavor" in 2011. Recommendations for the Bharat Ratna are made by the Prime Minister to the President, with a maximum of three nominees being awarded each year. Recipients receive a charter (certificate) signed by the President and a People's Leaf Shape Medal. There is no financial grant associated with the award. Bharat Ratna recipients are ranked seventh in the Indian order of priority.

The first recipients of the Bharat Ratna were: The last Governor-General of the Dominion of India - C. Rajagopalachari, the second President and the first Vice President of India - Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan, and the Nobel Laureate, physicist C. V. Raman; Which was honored in 1954. Since then, the award has been given to 48 individuals, of whom 16 were posthumously awarded. The original law did not provide for posthumous rewards but was amended in January 1955 to allow it. Former Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri became the first person to receive posthumous honors. In 2014, cricketer Sachin Tendulkar, who was 40 at the time, became the youngest recipient; While social reformer Dhondo Keshav Karve was given the award on his 100th birthday. The first singer to receive the Bharat Ratna was M.S. Subbulakshmi was. Although the Bharat Ratna is usually awarded to citizens born in India, one naturalized citizen - Mother Teresa and two non-Indians: Abdul Ghaffar Khan (born in British India and later a citizen of Pakistan) and Nelson Mandela, born and raised in South Africa. Citizen. On January 25, 2019, the government announced the award to social activist Nanaji Deshmukh (posthumous), singer-music director Bhupen Hazarika (posthumous) and former President of India, Pranab Mukherjee.

During the change in national government, the Bharat Ratna, along with other personal civic honors, was temporarily suspended from July 1977 to January 1980; And a second time from August 1992 to December 1995, when several public interest petitions challenged the constitutional validity of the award. In 1992, the government's decision to posthumously award Subhash Chandra Bose was opposed by those who refused to accept the fact of his death, including some members of his extended family. Following the 1997 Supreme Court decision, the press communication announcing Bose's award was canceled; It is the only time the award was announced but not awarded.

Some of the award winners have faced criticism. The posthumous award for MG Ramachandran (1988) was intended to please voters for the forthcoming Assembly elections and the posthumous awards of Madan Mohan Malviya (2015) and Vallabhbhai Patel (1991) were criticized as they died before the award was established.

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